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- THE STRUCTURAL IMPEDIMENTS INITIATIVE
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- The Japanese economy is undergoing marked structural
- change. Fast-growing domestic demand, currently fueled by
- both personal consumption and capital investment,
- supplanted external demand as the engine of Japanese
- economic growth in 1985-90. This change has primarily been
- a market-driven response to the fundamental exchange rate
- realignment of the last five years. Another central factor
- has been the focus on deregulation of the economy,
- particularly the privatization of public telecommunications
- and railway companies and the simplification of product
- standards. Despite progress in this area, Japan's economy
- remains heavily regulated, reinforcing business practices
- that restrict competition and thus keep prices high. Price
- controls remain on certain agricultural products, and
- bureaucratic obstacles to the entry of new firms into
- businesses such as trucking, retail sales, and
- telecommunications also have slowed the economy's
- structural adjustment.
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- To accelerate structural adjustment, on July 14, 1989,
- President Bush and Prime Minister Uno launched the
- Structural Impediments Initiative (SII) to identify and
- solve structural problems in both countries that stand as
- impediments to the reduction of payments imbalances. Under
- this initiative, the U.S. side identified six areas of
- concern in Japan's economy -- savings and investment, land
- use, distribution system, pricing mechanism, exclusionary
- business practices, and affiliated-company (keiretsu)
- relationships. The Japanese side in turn proposed study of
- American policies in seven areas that bear on U.S.
- competitiveness.
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- In the SII Joint Report, issued June 28, 1990, both sides
- agreed to carry out reforms in these areas. Japan committed
- to spend 430 trillion yen from 1991-2000 to address social
- infrastructure needs, which will help correct Japan's
- chronic imbalance of savings over investment and foster
- further domestic-led economic growth. Vigorous
- implementation by Japan of the competition-oriented
- domestic economic reforms, such as toughening anti-trust
- enforcement, easing of limits on large stores, land tax
- reform, and more corporate disclosure, should help
- translate Japan's growing productivity into higher living
- standards and stimulate greater demand for imports.
- Already, liberalized rules for large retail store openings
- have led to many new store applications, including several
- outlets planned by one major U.S. retailer.
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